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Resting state fMRI
Resting state fMRI (rsfMRI or R-fMRI) is a method of functional brain imaging that can be used to evaluate regional interactions that occur when a subject is not performing an explicit task.〔Biswal, B. B. (2012). Resting state fMRI: A personal history. (). Neuroimage, 62(2), p. 938-944.〕〔Buckner RL, Krienen FM, Yeo BT (2013). Opportunities and limitations of intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Nature Neuroscience, 16(7), p. 832-837.〕 This resting brain activity is observed through changes in blood flow in the brain which creates what is referred to as a blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal that can be measured using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Because brain activity is present even in the absence of an externally prompted task, any brain region will have spontaneous fluctuations in BOLD signal. The resting state approach is useful to explore the brain’s functional organization and to examine if it is altered in neurological or psychiatric diseases. Resting-state functional connectivity research has revealed a number of networks which are consistently found in healthy subjects, different stages of consciousness and across species, and represent specific patterns of synchronous activity.〔Biswal, B. B. (2011). Resting State Functional Connectivity. Biological Psychiatry, 69(9), 200S-200S.〕〔Rosazza, C., & Minati, L. (2011). Resting-state brain networks: literature review and clinical applications. Neurol Sci, 32(5), 773-785.〕〔Cole, David M. & Smith, Stephen M. & Beckmann, Christian F. (2010) "Advances and pitfalls in the analysis and interpretation of resting-state FMRI data." Frontiers in systems neuroscience 4〕
==Basics of fMRI==
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (functional MRI or fMRI) is a specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. More specifically, brain activity is measured through low frequency BOLD signal in the brain.〔DeYoe, E. A., Bandettini, P., Neitz, J., Miller, D., & Winans, P. (1994). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of the human brain. J Neurosci Methods, 54(2), 171-187.〕
The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.〔Bandettini, P. A. (2009). Seven topics in functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Integr Neurosci, 8(3), 371-403.〕
FMRI is used both in research, and to a lesser extent, in clinical settings. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS.〔Bandettini, P. (2007). Functional MRI today. Int J Psychophysiology, 63(2), 138-145.〕 Arterial spin labeling fMRI can be used as a complementary approach for assessing resting brain functions.〔Chuang, KH. et al. (2008). Mapping resting-state functional connectivity using perfusion MRI. Neuroimage, 40(4), 1595-605〕
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